Britain
People in Britain are very polite, especially when refusing something, so that it takes some time to get some practice in finding out whether they are actually saying „yes“ or „no“. They always starts with „I’m afraid . . „ or „I’m extremely sorry . . . but . . . „ when not giving you the permission.
They apologize very often, e.g. when they bump into someone, come late, etc. As everywhere, some people are self-disciplined, wait in queues, don’t speak too loudly, don’t show off in manners, dress or speech. But, of course you can find among the Britons those, whose table manners are far from being good, who jump queues, leave litter in trains and cinemas and who haven’t heard the rule „ladies first“.
Most British people expect the person in front of them to hold the door open for them, not let it swing back in their face.
The British are also said to be stuffy - formal and old fashioned. But it isn’t true in general. Their pop music isn’t stuffy at all, and it is everywhere. Every night there are pop, rock, jazz and folk concerts. The music composed by the Beatles has influenced generations of young people. Some successful British musicals (Les Miserables, Cats) have been exported all over the world.
Privacy is given particular value. People expect the others to respect their privacy.
This respect for privacy may be the reason why most people prefer living in a house with a small garden to living in a flat. They say: „My house, my castle.“ A typical house has two floors, a front and a back garden. The kitchen and the living room with a fireplace are on the ground floor, whereas bedrooms and the bathroom are on the first floor. Gardening is a common hobby and you can see people mowing the grass on the lawns of their gardens quite regularly twice a week.
The British love nature - animals and plants - and have respect for wildlife. Therefore in their leisure time they love to be somewhere in the country, at the seaside, in the woods or at least in a park or a garden. No wonder that you can see lots of people picnicking on the coasts or in a meadow. The distance from any place in Britain to the sea isn’t long and many families spend their weekends and summer holidays at the sea. Famous seaside resorts are Brighton and Bournemouth on the south coast of England, Scarborough in the north east or Blackpool in the north west. There they sit on the beach even if the weather is cold and windy. The parents sit in deck chairs, the children built sand castles with buckets and spades, go for donkey rides, eat rock or ice-cream, or walk along the promenade or pier.
People also like to go hiking, especially to Scotland, Whales and the Lake District, when on holiday.
When the British go abroad, they usually want to go somewhere warm like Spain or southern Europe.
It has already been mentioned that the British have a liking for animal. Many of them keep a pet, esp. A dog, a cat, a horse or a caged bird (a budgie). Evil tongues say that the British like animals more than people.
The British are fond of sports and games. Children are encouraged to do them from primary school to university. They think sports and games are a very good kind of active relaxation. Popular sports are horse-riding, horse-racing, rowing, swimming, athletics. The most popular games are soccer (Associated football), rugby, tennis, hockey. Cricket is typically English and golf comes from Scotland. The elderly are keen on bowls.
During the year there are a great many annual sporting events, such as the famous university boat race between Oxford and Cambridge, which is held on the Thames every spring, or Wimbledon, an important tennis tournament, which takes place every summer in a part of London called Wimbledon.
The British are reasonable and health-conscious people. They take care of their health and the number of smokers is declining.
The most common leisure-time activities include listening to the radio, cassettes, CDs, do-it-yourself, home improvements (repairs, painting), gardening, watching sporting events, reading newspapers, walking or cycling. Women knit and sew. People spend a lot of time watching TV.
Pubs are an important part of British life. Even very small villages have a pub. Men often go to the pub for a drink in the evenings and at weekends. They usually go to the same pub which is close and which is called the local. Women now go to pubs more them they used to, nut usually do not like to go to a pub on their own.
Children under 16 are not allowed into pub.
Pubs often sell food or snacks as well as drinks. Typical pub food is pie and chips, chicken and chips, and ploughman’s lunch. It is bread with cheese.
Pubs have names, e.g. The Red Bear. There is a sign outside the pub showing the name with a picture.
The British are of the said to be conservative. And included their stick to their old traditions are habits. They have the same holidays like other countries. But two customs are special only for Britain - mania for drinking tea and talking about the weather. The English talk about weather very much. Greeting people with expression such as: „Lovely day, isn’t it?“ is their way of being friendly or starting conversation. They also like to go to the countryside and have a rest, tea and picnic there. They also celebrate birthday of Her Majesty Queen. There are various ceremonies associated on Saturday after June 9 with it, such as the ceremony of Trooping the Colour at the House Guards Parade in London.
In addition to the well-known fact they still use their traditional system of weights and measure, they drive on the left and they still wear traditional school uniforms at some schools, it is important to know that Britain is the oldest democracy in the world and that they consider the monarchy an inseparable part of their government. The English word „gentleman“ means an honest man with good manners.
They don’t shake hands and kiss hello so often as we do and famous for their dry humour. Everybody knows the English saying „My house is ma castle“ which demonstrates their right to privacy. The are proud of their isles which have given them a feeling of security.
New Year’s Eve on 31st December is the night of merry-making all over the land, especially in Scotland. They have family parties and at twelve o’clock they sing. Next day is New Years Day.
On February the 14th is St. Valentine’s Day. It is a lover’s day. On this day young people give gifts or send greeting cards called Valentines to people they like or admire. They day is named for an early Christian martyr.
Next holiday is Easter, that is celebrated in all Christian world. It is to the memory of death of Jesus Christ and it is an ancient symbol of spring and new life. In this time people usually eat a lamb and hot-cross-bun. There are many habits, as pouring water to boys, giving painted eggs and others. It is celebrated on Easter Sunday (Holy Saturday or Easter Eve). Good Friday commemorates Jesus crucifixion. Easter Sunday is also know as Palm Sunday. White Easter I associated holiday, going to church (ceremonies), whipping with cane (willow), young animals (hens, chickens, lamb), flowers (daffodil), eggs with painted, decorated or coloured shell, presents as chocolate eggs, toys and sweets. Easter Bunny is a rabbit who is believed to the deliver children Easter biscuits with eggs on Easter Monday.
May Day - 1st May - political parties of the left hold processions and public meetings
2nd Saturday in June is the Queen’s birthday and in London is a celebration.
Halloween (Hallowe’en) comes every October 31st, the evening before All-Saints Day. This pagan festival celebrates the return of the souls of the dead who come back to visit places where they used to live. Halloween means „holly evening“ and it is a holiday especially for children. Children pick large orange pumpkins then they cut faces in the pumpkins and they put lights inside. These lights are called „jack-o’lanterns“ which means „Jack of the lantern“. The children also put on strange masks and costumes. Some of them paint their faces to look like monsters. They carry boxes or bags from house to house and the adults put a treat-money or candy in their bags. Children say „Trick or treat“ which means „Give us a treat or we will play a trick on you“. The most common trick is drawing pictures on the window with soap or they squirting water in your face. Halloween is in Britain celebrated only in the North of England and in Scotland, but it is generally celebrated in the USA and Canada.
Guy Fawkes Day(Bonfire Night) Guy Fawkes is Britain’s most famous terrorist. On 5 November 1605, Guy Fawkes planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament and the King of England, James I. The plot was discovered and Guy Fawkes was hanged. Every year on 5 November, people celebrate by setting off fireworks. They also make models of Guy Fawkes and burn them on big bonfires.
Remembrance Day November 11. There is a ceremony at the Cenotaph in Whitehall, in which two minutes silence honour those killed in the two world Wars.
Christmas - December 24 - Unlike the Continentals, the English have no traditional celebration on Christmas Eve. December 24 has never been holiday but on the other hand it is the only day of the year reserved for the office party. A lot of people spend the day shopping. Before English children go to bed on Christmas Eve, they hang up Christmas stockings at the end of their beds and believe that Santa Claus or Father Christmas rides through the air on a sledge drawn by reindeer and comes dawn the chimney and fills up the stockings with presents and toys. Larger things are found at the foot of their beds or under the Christmas tree. There is also a custom of leaving out mince pies for Father Christmas to eat when he comes down with presents. Christmas trees (conifers) in Britain are often decorated with fairy lights and bright coloured ornaments. Sweets and fruit or sparklers are not hung on the tree. In the rooms holly and ivy is hung as a decoration. It is supposed to date back to Teutonic times when evergreens were hung to allow woods spirits to shelter from the cold. A sprig of mistletoe is hug in a central position or over the door. If you catch a girl under it, you are allowed to kiss her.
December 25 - The most festive day of Christmas is Christmas Day - In the morning children enjoy unwrapping presents and at midday Christmas dinner is a great occasion. It consist of roast turkey with chestnut stuffing and roast potatoes and Christmas pudding. This is a special rich pudding made with lots of dried fruit, eggs, suet and very little flour. It is made well ahead before Christmas, boiled in a basin for hours and then heated again on Christmas Day. It will keep for a long time. Something brandy is poured over it and set a light and the pudding is served surrounded with blue flames.
There is also an old custom of stirring into the pudding, when it is being prepared, a coin, a thimble and a ring to bring wealth, work and a wedding to those who find it. Where are plenty of carols on the radio and TV and various professional choirs sing carols in old people’s homes, hospitals or outside churches. At teatime a huge fruit cake appears encrusted with marzipan and decorated with white icing. Mince-pies, a special Christmas sweet, are served as well, but there is no minced meat in them. These pies are small and round, containing a mixture of dried fruits soaked in lemon juice and brandy and covered with pastry and baked. They are served hot. On Christmas Day the monarch addresses the nation and the Commonwealth on radio and TV.
December 26 is called Boxing Day from the custom in earlier times of giving postmen, milkmen, dustmen, newspaper boys and the like small sums of money, which they collected in their Christmas boxes. For children it marks the beginning of the pantomime season which ends at Easter. A pantomime is a traditional Christmas-time entertainment bit it is not a play without words. A pantomime is a theatre show based on a fairy tale or traditional story with music, dancing, acrobatics and clowning. Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Peter Pan and Dick Wittington are the favourite fairy tales for dramatization. Lots of people go visiting on Boxing Days or to parties in the evening.
December 31 - Some nations celebrate New Year’s Eve but for the English the most important holiday is Christmas. On New Year’s Eve the English people stay up till midnight to see the old ear out and drink a toast to the New Year. In London some people gather in Trafalgar Square and celebrate the coming of the New Year with singing and dancing. Hogmanay is the Scottish name for New Year’s Eve which is more celebrate than Christmas. It begins with the arrival of the guests who have been invited to join the family to see in the New Year. They sit down to dinner which begins with haggis, Scotland’s national dish (minced heart, lungs and liver of a sheep, boiled in a sheep’s stomach with oatmeal). Before midnight many townsfolk gather in the square, they sing and dance in the Scottish style. At midnight there is a great cheer, people cross arms, link hands for a traditional song, „Auld Lang Syne“.
USA
IMPORTANT DAYS:
On February the 14th is St. Valentine’s Day. It is a lover’s day. On this day young people give gifts or send greeting cards called Valentines to people they like or admire. The day is named for an early Christian martyr.
Next holiday is Easter, that is celebrated in all Christian world. It is to the memory of death of Jesus Christ and it is an ancient symbol of spring and new life. In this time people usually eat a lamb and hot-cross-bun. There are many habits, as pouring water to boys, giving painted eggs and others. It is celebrated on Easter Sunday (Holy Saturday or Easter Eve). Good Friday commemorates Jesus crucifixion. Easter Sunday is also know as Palm Sunday. Whit Easter I associated holiday, going to church (ceremonies), whipping with cane (willow), young animals (hens, chickens, lamb), flowers (daffodil), eggs with painted, decorated or coloured shell, presents as chocolate eggs, toys and sweets. Easter Bunny is a rabbit who is believed to the deliver children Easter biscuits with eggs on Easter Monday.
Perhaps the two „most American“ of the holidays are the July 4th - Independence Day - and Thanksgiving. Independence Day is like a big, national birthday party. It is a party that takes peace in the neighbourhood, on beaches or in parks throughout the country. Some towns and cities have parades with bands and flags. The nation’s birthday is also nation’s greatest annual summer party.
Thanksgiving Day has been celebrated in America since 1621. In this year it was celebrated by English settlers of the Plymouth colony. The settlers were called the Pilgrims and in 1620 they sailed to America on a ship called the Mayflower. They wanted religious freedom. At home they couldn’t separate from the established church. After their two-month voyage they landed at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, in icy November.
The first winter was difficult, and many of the pilgrims died. But the survivors (about half of the original number) were able to found a colony. They brought some seeds for planting and tools for making new homes from England. They had to struggle with rocky soil. A friendly Indian showed them how to plant the corn and they also learnt to hunt animals.
The following year the harvest was good, and there was a celebration for three days. To thank the Indians for their help, the Pilgrims invited their chief to the feast.
Gradually the custom of giving thanks to the Lord (to God) for his goodness, for harvest, and good things for which people are thankful has become a part of American tradition. Since Lincoln’s time it has been custom for the president to proclaim the fourth Thursday of November Thanksgiving Day.
American of all religions celebrate this holiday with big dinners and family reunions. Some of the family have to travel by air, car, students use their four-day holiday to go home. It is a time to remember all good things in life and be thankful for them, a time to be with people we love.
Here is the Thanksgiving menu: Turkey with bread stuffing, gravy, mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce, pumpkin pie.
There is no soup and the menu could be made bigger with dinner rolls, a fresh green salad, corn and green beans.
The beautiful turkey is the glorious centrepiece of the Thanksgiving table. The turkey should be golden brown on the outside and the inside should be moist and tender.
The gravy is basically thickened juice from turkey that we get during baking.
The mashed potatoes can be creamy or smooth, fluffy or light, or whatever you prefer.
For best results, the cranberry sauce should be made about three days in advance. Boil water, sugar, cloves, allspice and cinnamon sticks for about three minutes, add cranberries and cook until they begin to pop. For the next three days cranberry sauce is refrigerated and all spices need to be removed before serving.
The pumpkin pie needs a good crust made from dough and a good filling prepared from a mixture of pumpkin, sugar and spice. It’s good ides to bake the pie the day before, so the oven is free to roast the turkey.
It all may sound simple, but to prepare a meal for the whole family normally takes a few days of planning, grocery shopping and preparations and a whole day of cooking.
Dinner time is between 3 to 5 PM. By that time is a great smell in whole house and everyone who skipped their lunch is hungry.
In the afternoon there are football matches that people can watch on TV. Every year Thanksgiving parades are organized in NY. In the parade there are large floats, balloons and bands from all over the States.
Free thanksgiving dinner is offered in shelters for homeless and in some places also for very poor families. There are also food drives in most of the neighbourhoods. People who can afford it man donate some canned food or money. „Nobody should be hungry on Thanksgiving Day“ is written in supermarkets above donation boxes, where anybody can drop some canned food for the poor.
Halloween (Hallowe’en) comes every October 31st, the evening before All-Saints Day. This pagan festival celebrates the return of the souls of the dead who come back to visit places where they used to live. Halloween means „holly evening“ and it is a holiday especially for children. Children pick large orange pumpkins then they cut faces in the pumpkins and they put lights inside. These lights are called „jack-o’lanterns“ which means „Jack of the lantern“. The children also put on strange masks and costumes. Some of them paint their faces to look like monsters. They carry boxes or bags from house to house and the adults put a treat-money or candy in their bags. Children say „Trick or treat“ which means „Give us a treat or we will play a trick on you“. The most common trick is drawing pictures on the window with soap or they squirting water in your face.
Now about American and Christmas holiday. For some Americans Christmas is a religious holiday honouring the birth of Jesus Christ, for other it is a time of Santa Claus and the giving and receiving of gifts. And some Americans do not celebrate Christmas at all for personal, cultural or religious reasons.
Christmas season includes also New Year’s Day on January 1st, ends on January 6th, the Day of the Epiphany when three wise men presented their gifts to the baby Jesus.
The Christmas shopping season begins very soon, in the USA it is on Friday after Thanksgiving. On this day shoppers begin the long process of buying gifts for family members and dear friends.
The traditional Christmas dinner, that is served on Christmas day, can include roast turkey with a chestnut dressing cranberries, mashed potatoes, gravy and assorted vegetables. For dessert one can eat plum pudding or pumpkin pie. A traditional Christmas drink is eggnog - a blend of cream, egg, milk and nutmeg. With a shot of brandy, rum or whiskey.
Song and music of the Christmas season fill the air. Probably the most popular religious Christmas song is „Silent Night“.
Many people at Christmas time send postcards wishing holiday greetings to family and friends. Some of the cards have pictures of Santa Claus bearing gifts, or winters seines, and of the Holy Family. Christmas wishes are universal and can be used by friends of all nations.
Christmas trees are an important part of the season in America. Freshly-cut Christmas trees are usually pines or firs. A family travels to the woods and they searches for their tree. The tree is cut and brought home for decorations. Colourful lights, bright ornaments and candy canes decorate trees. American also decorate the outside of their houses.
Christmas traditions depend on nationalities living in the area. A more common Christmas tradition in the USA is the hanging of the mistletoe. A spring of mistletoe is hung in doorway or on a light fixture. If a young girl or woman stands beneath the mistletoe she can be biased.
Now something about next holiday celebrated in the USA. I have to say that each state established its own legal holidays. So people celebrate the federal legal holidays and also their own holidays. There are many traditional holidays, observed by a large number of Americans, which are also neither legal nor official.
THE AMERICAN FLAG AND ANTHEM:
The American flag consists of two parts - one smaller blue oblong with 50 white stars symbolizing 50 American states and one larger oblong consisting of 6 white and 7 red stripes symbolizing the original 13 states which used to be the British colonies. The flag is sometimes called „Old Glory“ or „Stars and Stripes“. The first US flag was created in 1776.
The American national anthem is called „The Star-Spangied Banner“.
Žádné komentáře:
Okomentovat